1. Taw qhia
Xov tooj cua zaus (RF) lub zog sau qoob (RFEH) thiab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob wireless hloov hluav taws xob (WPT) tau txais kev txaus siab zoo raws li txoj hauv kev kom ua tiav cov roj teeb tsis muaj kev ruaj ntseg wireless. Rectennas yog lub hauv paus ntawm WPT thiab RFEH systems thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau DC lub zog xa mus rau lub nra. Cov kav hlau txais xov cov ntsiab lus ntawm rectenna ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau kev sau qoob loo, uas tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm lub zog sau los ntawm ntau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj. Daim ntawv no tshuaj xyuas cov kav hlau txais xov tsim ua haujlwm hauv WPT thiab ambient RFEH daim ntawv thov. Cov kev tshaj tawm rectennas raug faib raws li ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: tus kav hlau txais xov rectifying impedance bandwidth thiab cov yam ntxwv hluav taws xob ntawm lub kav hlau txais xov. Rau txhua qhov kev ntsuas, tus lej ntawm qhov tsim nyog (FoM) rau cov ntawv thov sib txawv raug txiav txim siab thiab tshuaj xyuas qhov sib piv.
WPT tau thov los ntawm Tesla thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th los ua ib txoj hauv kev los xa ntau txhiab tus horsepower. Lub sij hawm rectenna, uas piav qhia txog lub kav hlau txais xov txuas nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob txhawm rau sau lub zog RF, tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1950s rau qhov chaw microwave fais fab kis tau tus mob thiab siv lub zog tsav tsheb. Omnidirectional, ntev-ntev WPT yog txwv los ntawm lub cev lub zog ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev nthuav tawm (cua). Yog li ntawd, kev lag luam WPT tsuas yog txwv rau qhov chaw ze-tawm tsis yog hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob rau cov neeg siv khoom siv hluav taws xob wireless them lossis RFID.
Raws li kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor thiab wireless sensor nodes txuas ntxiv txo qis, nws ua tau ntau dua rau lub zog sensor nodes siv ambient RFEH lossis siv cov xaim hluav taws xob qis omnidirectional transmitters. Ultra-low-power wireless power systems feem ntau muaj xws li RF tau txais pem hauv ntej kawg, DC lub zog thiab kev tswj hwm nco, thiab lub zog qis microprocessor thiab transceiver.
Daim duab 1 qhia txog kev tsim qauv ntawm RFEH wireless node thiab feem ntau tshaj tawm txog kev siv RF pem hauv ntej-kawg. Qhov kawg-rau-kawg efficiency ntawm lub wireless fais fab system thiab cov architecture ntawm synchronized wireless cov ntaub ntawv thiab lub hwj chim hloov network nyob ntawm qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm ib tug neeg lub Cheebtsam, xws li kav hlau txais xov, rectifiers, thiab hwj chim tswj circuits. Ntau cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau ua rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub system. Table 1 piav qhia txog theem hloov hluav taws xob, cov khoom tseem ceeb rau kev hloov hluav taws xob zoo, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb muaj feem xyuam rau txhua ntu. Cov ntaub ntawv tsis ntev los no tsom mus rau kev siv tshuab hloov hluav taws xob, rectifier topologies, lossis network-paub RFEH.
Daim duab 1
Txawm li cas los xij, tus qauv tsim kav hlau txais xov tsis suav tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv RFEH. Txawm hais tias qee cov ntaub ntawv txiav txim siab txog tus kav hlau txais xov bandwidth thiab kev ua tau zoo los ntawm kev pom tag nrho lossis los ntawm ib qho kev tsim qauv kav hlau txais xov, xws li cov kav hlau txais xov me me los yog hnav, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qee qhov kav hlau txais xov tsis tau ntawm lub hwj chim txais thiab kev hloov dua siab tshiab tsis tau txheeb xyuas kom meej.
Daim ntawv no tshuaj xyuas tus kav hlau txais xov tsim cov tswv yim hauv rectennas nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov txawv ntawm RFEH thiab WPT cov kav hlau txais xov tshwj xeeb tsim teeb meem los ntawm tus qauv kev sib txuas lus tus kav hlau txais xov. Cov kav hlau txais xov raug muab piv los ntawm ob qhov kev pom: qhov kawg-rau-kawg impedance txuam thiab cov yam ntxwv hluav taws xob; Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, FoM raug txheeb xyuas thiab tshuaj xyuas hauv lub xeev-of-the-art (SoA) antennas.
2. Bandwidth thiab Matching: Tsis yog-50Ω RF Networks
Tus yam ntxwv impedance ntawm 50Ω yog qhov kev txiav txim siab thaum ntxov ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm attenuation thiab lub zog hauv microwave engineering daim ntawv thov. Hauv cov kav hlau txais xov, qhov impedance bandwidth yog txhais raws li qhov ntau zaus uas lub zog cuam tshuam tsawg dua 10% (S11 < - 10 dB). Txij li thaum tsis muaj suab nrov amplifiers (LNAs), lub zog amplifiers, thiab cov cuab yeej ntes feem ntau yog tsim los nrog 50Ω input impedance match, 50Ω qhov chaw yog ib txwm hais txog.
Nyob rau hauv lub rectenna, cov zis ntawm tus kav hlau txais xov yog ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub rectifier, thiab lub nonlinearity ntawm lub diode ua rau ib tug loj variation nyob rau hauv lub input impedance, nrog rau cov capacitive tivthaiv dominating. Piv txwv li tus kav hlau txais xov 50Ω, qhov kev sib tw tseem ceeb yog tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas ntxiv RF los hloov cov tswv yim impedance rau impedance ntawm lub rectifier ntawm zaus ntawm kev txaus siab thiab optimize nws rau ib theem zog tshwj xeeb. Hauv qhov no, qhov kawg-rau-kawg impedance bandwidth yuav tsum tau ua kom ntseeg tau RF rau DC hloov dua siab tshiab. Yog li ntawd, txawm hais tias cov kav hlau txais xov tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov theoretical infinite los yog ultra-wide bandwidth siv cov ntsiab lus raws sij hawm los yog tus kheej-ua tiav geometry, lub bandwidth ntawm lub rectenna yuav tsum bottlenecked los ntawm lub rectifier txuam network.
Ob peb lub rectenna topologies tau thov kom ua tiav ib leeg-band thiab ntau-band sau los yog WPT los ntawm kev txo qis kev xav thiab ua kom lub zog hloov pauv ntawm lub kav hlau txais xov thiab lub rectifier. Daim duab 2 qhia txog cov qauv ntawm cov qhia txog rectenna topologies, categorized los ntawm lawv cov impedance txuam architecture. Table 2 qhia cov piv txwv ntawm kev ua tau zoo rectennas hais txog qhov kawg-rau-kawg bandwidth (hauv qhov no, FoM) rau txhua pawg.
Daim duab 2 Rectenna topologies los ntawm kev pom ntawm bandwidth thiab impedance txuam. (a) Ib leeg-band rectenna nrog tus qauv kav hlau txais xov. (b) Multiband rectenna (tsim los ntawm ntau lub kav hlau txais xov sib txuas) nrog ib lub rectifier thiab sib koom tes hauv ib pawg. (c) Broadband rectenna nrog ntau lub RF chaw nres nkoj thiab cais sib koom tes sib koom rau txhua pawg. (d) Broadband rectenna nrog broadband kav hlau txais xov thiab broadband txuam network. (e) Ib leeg-band rectenna siv hluav taws xob me me kav hlau txais xov ncaj qha mus rau lub rectifier. (f) Ib-band, hluav taws xob loj kav hlau txais xov nrog txoj kev impedance rau conjugate nrog lub rectifier. (g) Broadband rectenna nrog complex impedance rau conjugate nrog rectifier nyob rau hauv ntau zaus.
Thaum WPT thiab ambient RFEH los ntawm kev mob siab rau yog cov ntawv thov rectenna sib txawv, ua tiav qhov kawg-rau-kawg sib piv ntawm tus kav hlau txais xov, rectifier thiab load yog qhov tseem ceeb kom ua tiav lub zog hloov hluav taws xob siab (PCE) los ntawm kev pom bandwidth. Txawm li cas los xij, WPT rectennas tsom ntau dua rau kev ua tiav qhov zoo dua qhov sib piv (qis S11) txhawm rau txhim kho ib leeg-band PCE ntawm qee lub zog (topologies a, e thiab f). Qhov dav bandwidth ntawm ib leeg-band WPT txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob rau detuning, kev tsim khoom tsis xws luag thiab ntim cov kab mob cab. Ntawm qhov tod tes, RFEH rectennas ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntau pawg thiab koom nrog topologies bd thiab g, vim tias lub zog spectral ntom ntom (PSD) ntawm ib pawg feem ntau qis dua.
3. Rectangular kav hlau txais xov tsim
1. Ib zaus rectenna
Tus kav hlau txais xov tsim ntawm ib zaus rectenna (topology A) feem ntau yog raws li tus qauv kav hlau txais xov, xws li linear polarization (LP) lossis ncig polarization (CP) radiating thaj rau hauv av dav hlau, dipole kav hlau txais xov thiab inverted F kav hlau txais xov. Qhov sib txawv band rectenna yog raws li DC ua ke array teeb tsa nrog ntau lub kav hlau txais xov lossis sib xyaw DC thiab RF ua ke ntawm ntau thaj chaw.
Txij li thaum muaj ntau lub kav hlau txais xov yog ib zaus kav hlau txais xov thiab ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm ib zaus WPT, thaum nrhiav ib puag ncig ntau zaus RFEH, ntau lub kav hlau txais xov ib zaus tau muab tso rau hauv ntau pawg rectennas (topology B) nrog kev sib txuas sib txuas thiab ywj siab DC ua ke tom qab lub hwj chim tswj Circuit Court kom cais lawv tawm ntawm RF tau txais thiab hloov dua siab tshiab Circuit Court. Qhov no yuav tsum tau muaj ntau lub hwj chim tswj Circuit Court rau txhua lub band, uas yuav txo tau qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov boost converter vim hais tias DC lub hwj chim ntawm ib tug band yog tsawg.
2. Multi-band thiab broadband RFEH kav hlau txais xov
Ib puag ncig RFEH feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog ntau pawg tau txais; Yog li ntawd, ntau yam kev qhia tau raug npaj los txhim kho qhov bandwidth ntawm tus qauv kav hlau txais xov tsim thiab cov txheej txheem rau kev tsim dual-band lossis band antenna arrays. Hauv seem no, peb tshuaj xyuas cov kav hlau txais xov kev cai tsim rau RFEHs, nrog rau cov kav hlau txais xov classic ntau nrog lub peev xwm los siv ua rectennas.
Coplanar waveguide (CPW) monopole antennas nyob thaj tsam tsawg dua li microstrip thaj kav hlau txais xov ntawm tib zaus thiab tsim LP lossis CP tsis, thiab feem ntau siv rau broadband ib puag ncig rectennas. Reflection dav hlau yog siv los ua kom muaj kev sib cais thiab txhim kho qhov nce, ua rau cov qauv hluav taws xob zoo ib yam li cov kav hlau txais xov. Slotted coplanar waveguide antennas yog siv los txhim kho impedance bandwidths rau ntau zaus bands, xws li 1.8–2.7 GHz lossis 1–3 GHz. Coupled-fed slot antennas thiab thaj kav hlau txais xov kuj tau siv ntau hauv cov qauv siv ntau lub voj voog. Daim duab 3 qhia qee qhov tshaj tawm ntau lub kav hlau txais xov uas siv ntau tshaj ib qho kev txhim kho bandwidth.
Daim duab 3
Kav hlau txais xov-Rectifier Impedance Matching
Sib piv 50Ω kav hlau txais xov mus rau lub nonlinear rectifier yog qhov nyuaj vim nws cov input impedance sib txawv heev nrog zaus. Nyob rau hauv topologies A thiab B (Daim duab 2), qhov sib txuam sib koom tes yog LC match siv cov ntsiab lus lumped; Txawm li cas los xij, tus txheeb ze bandwidth feem ntau qis dua li feem ntau ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Ib leeg-band stub txuam feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv microwave thiab millimeter-yoj bands hauv qab 6 GHz, thiab cov ntaub ntawv qhia millimeter-yoj rectennas muaj qhov nqaim nqaim vim tias lawv cov PCE bandwidth yog bottlenecked los ntawm cov zis harmonic suppression, uas ua rau lawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haum rau ib leeg- band WPT daim ntawv thov hauv 24 GHz tsis muaj ntawv tso cai band.
Lub rectennas hauv topologies C thiab D muaj ntau qhov sib txuam sib txuas. Tag nrho cov kab sib txuas sib txuas tau raug npaj rau kev sib tw broadband, nrog rau RF thaiv / DC luv luv Circuit Court (pass lim) ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj tso zis lossis DC thaiv lub capacitor ua txoj hauv kev rov qab rau diode harmonics. Cov khoom siv rectifier tuaj yeem hloov tau los ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm Circuit Board (PCB) interdigitated capacitors, uas yog tsim los siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsim khoom siv hluav taws xob. Lwm qhov tshaj tawm broadband rectenna txuam tes hauj lwm sib txuas cov ntsiab lus rau kev sib piv rau qis zaus thiab cov ntsiab lus faib rau kev tsim RF luv ntawm cov tswv yim.
Kev sib txawv ntawm cov input impedance pom los ntawm kev thauj khoom los ntawm qhov chaw (lub npe hu ua cov txheej txheem rub tawm) tau siv los tsim cov khoom siv dav dav nrog 57% tus txheeb ze bandwidth (1.25-2.25 GHz) thiab 10% siab dua PCE piv rau lumped lossis faib circuits . Txawm hais tias kev sib koom tes sib txuas feem ntau yog tsim los kom phim cov kav hlau txais xov tshaj tag nrho 50Ω bandwidth, muaj cov lus ceeb toom hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas cov kav hlau txais xov broadband tau txuas nrog cov khoom siv nqaim.
Hybrid lumped-element thiab distribution-element matching networks tau dav siv nyob rau hauv topologies C thiab D, nrog series inductors thiab capacitors yog cov feem ntau siv lumped ntsiab. Cov no zam cov txheej txheem nyuaj xws li interdigitated capacitors, uas yuav tsum muaj kev tsim qauv thiab kev tsim ntau dua li cov kab microstrip.
Lub zog input rau lub rectifier cuam tshuam rau cov input impedance vim qhov nonlinearity ntawm lub diode. Yog li ntawd, lub rectenna yog tsim los ua kom siab tshaj plaws PCE rau ib qho kev tawm tswv yim zog thiab load impedance. Txij li thaum diodes feem ntau capacitive siab impedance ntawm frequencies qis dua 3 GHz, broadband rectennas uas tshem tawm kev sib koom tes los yog txo qhov yooj yim sib xws circuits tau teem rau zaus Prf> 0 dBm thiab siab dua 1 GHz, txij li thaum lub diodes muaj tsawg capacitive impedance thiab yuav ua tau zoo matched. mus rau lub kav hlau txais xov, yog li zam kev tsim cov kav hlau txais xov nrog cov tswv yim reactance> 1,000Ω.
Adaptive lossis reconfigurable impedance matching tau pom nyob rau hauv CMOS rectennas, qhov chaw sib koom tes muaj xws li on-chip capacitor banks thiab inductors. Static CMOS txuam tes hauj lwm kuj tau thov rau tus qauv 50Ω kav hlau txais xov nrog rau kev sib koom tsim lub voj voog kav hlau txais xov. Nws tau raug tshaj tawm tias passive CMOS lub hwj chim ntes tau siv los tswj cov keyboards uas coj cov zis ntawm tus kav hlau txais xov mus rau qhov sib txawv rectifiers thiab cov tes hauj lwm sib txuam nyob ntawm lub zog muaj. Ib qho kev sib koom ua ke sib koom ua ke siv cov lumped tunable capacitors tau raug npaj, uas yog kho los ntawm kev kho kom zoo thaum ntsuas cov input impedance siv vector network analyzer. Nyob rau hauv reconfigurable microstrip txuam tes hauj lwm, teb cov nyhuv transistor keyboards tau siv los kho qhov txuam stubs kom ua tiav dual-band yam ntxwv.
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog antennas, thov mus saib:
Post lub sij hawm: Aug-09-2024
